General Discussion

A lot of confounding factors have not been controlled for, it is not clear that temporality (ie., that exposure fully or largely precedes the outcome and that the study has controlled for preexisting cardiac risk factors or actual early disease. Further, there seems to be little attempt to quantify and compare dose, and certainly not a dose-effect" that would be expected (i.e., those with the highest exposure have the highest risk, and it follows a linear relationship from low exposure-low risk, moderate exposure-moderate risk...)

These are really only hypothesis-generating studies that should be followed by very well-controlled cohort studies. Still, based on these preliminary findings, perhaps it should give those with significant pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors some pause. For sleep purposes, maybe consider CBD (typically sans significant THC) gummies--maybe with low doses of melatonin added as an alternative for sleep.

I regret that--like nearly every other area of medicine and health--Trump will pose a tremendous obstacle to further studies that should be done.