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Jang, W.J., Park, P.J., Ong, WJ. et al. Stable and eco-friendly inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells: structural, electronic, and defect engineering. Commun Mater 7, 110 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-026-01158-1
Review Article
Open access
Published: 15 April 2026
Stable and eco-friendly inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells: structural, electronic, and defect engineering
Won Jin Jang, Pil Ju Park, Wee-Jun Ong & Soo Young Kim
Communications Materials volume 7, Article number: 110 (2026)
Abstract
Inorganic lead-free halide perovskites are emerging as promising candidates for stable and environmentally responsible photovoltaic technologies. Replacing volatile organic cations and toxic lead with robust inorganic constituents enables improved thermal and chemical resilience while preserving favorable optoelectronic properties. This review provides a comparative assessment of representative inorganic lead-free perovskites, highlighting how their structures, electronic configurations, and defect chemistry govern carrier generation and transport. By integrating insights from crystallographic stability and interfacial electronic structure, we outline the key principles that underpin efficient device operation. We further identify the remaining challenges that must be addressed to enable competitive performance, including defect management, controlled crystallization, scalable film formation, and reliable long-term stability under coupled stress conditions. Building on these considerations, we propose future directions to guide the rational design of durable, high-performance inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells.
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Open access
Published: 15 April 2026
Stable and eco-friendly inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells: structural, electronic, and defect engineering
Won Jin Jang, Pil Ju Park, Wee-Jun Ong & Soo Young Kim
Communications Materials volume 7, Article number: 110 (2026)
Abstract
Inorganic lead-free halide perovskites are emerging as promising candidates for stable and environmentally responsible photovoltaic technologies. Replacing volatile organic cations and toxic lead with robust inorganic constituents enables improved thermal and chemical resilience while preserving favorable optoelectronic properties. This review provides a comparative assessment of representative inorganic lead-free perovskites, highlighting how their structures, electronic configurations, and defect chemistry govern carrier generation and transport. By integrating insights from crystallographic stability and interfacial electronic structure, we outline the key principles that underpin efficient device operation. We further identify the remaining challenges that must be addressed to enable competitive performance, including defect management, controlled crystallization, scalable film formation, and reliable long-term stability under coupled stress conditions. Building on these considerations, we propose future directions to guide the rational design of durable, high-performance inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells.
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The timeline for the advances in perovskite solar cells has been remarkable. A little over a decade ago, they had single digit efficiencies, and worked for hours (or less) before failing. They’re still "not ready for 'prime time,’” but how long have “Gen-IV” reactors been being developed? (still waiting… 🥱)
While we’re waiting, let’s deploy what works, today.
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