Computer Help and Support

Yes, the folders in Android (and iOS) work the same as in Windows (and MacOS). The one big difference -- that everyone hates -- is that when you copy a file, Android does NOT preserve the file dates. This is not normally a big deal except when dealing with pictures and videos. If your picture viewing app wrongly looks at the file dates when it should be looking at the "creation" and "edit" dates in the picture's EXIF data, sorting by "date" will look all jumbled if you copy the files to an SD card or different folder. If you need a picture viewing app that gets it right, try "piktures" from the Play Store.

Some files are expected to be in certain folders:
/Alarms
/Ringtones
/Notifications
/Documents
/Download
/DCIM -- taken by the phone's camera

Some apps will download files into the Downloads folder using a subfolder named for the app. Some apps will put their folder at the root of the drive/card. Some apps let you pick the location, some don't.

Many media apps don't care where the media files are located. As a result, there just end up being common conventions:
/Pictures -- edited or not taken by the phone's camera
/Music
/Movies
/Podcasts

Depending on the mood of the phone maker, your screenshots will normally be in a subfolder of /DCIM or /Pictures.

Android does not have a trash-can/recycle-bin. Some apps will implement their own.