The study’s authors found that there were 75,200 “violent deaths” in Gaza between Oct. 7, 2023 and Jan. 5, 2025, with women, children, and elderly Palestinians making up around 56 percent of the toll.

The researchers estimated an additional 16,300 nonviolent deaths — from disease, accidents, or other causes not directly related to Israel’s military onslaught — during that period.

[snip]

A study published in The Lancet in January 2025 indicated that the death toll reported by Gaza health officials over roughly the first year and a half of Israel’s assault was likely a 41 percent undercount.