On Jan. 29, 1979, Deng Xiaoping told reporters in Washington, “If you don’t teach them some necessary lessons, it just won’t do,” describing Việt Nam as a disobedient child needing discipline. [10]

​The geopolitical roots of the conflict were complex. Many political commentators argue the 1979 war stemmed largely from Việt Nam’s military campaign against the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, whose leader, Pol Pot, was a Chinese ally. [11] Simultaneously, Sino-Soviet relations were deteriorating, while Moscow provided significant support to Hà Nội as its “elder brother.”

​​Within hours of the outbreak, the United States called on China to withdraw and urged the Soviet Union to exercise restraint to prevent escalating tensions. [12] China ultimately did not begin its troop withdrawal until March 6, 1979.

​Following the withdrawal, a war of words ensued. China stated that it had “achieved its objectives,” delivering “heavy blows” in three directions: Đồng Đăng–Lạng Sơn, Cao Bằng–Thất Khê, and Lào Cai–Cam Đường. [13]

Beijing also declared that it had not taken “a single inch of Vietnamese territory” and would not “tolerate” further Vietnamese “territorial incursions.” Conversely, the Vietnam News Agency proclaimed Việt Nam had “defeated Beijing’s expansionist plot,” claiming Vietnamese forces killed or wounded nearly 42,000 Chinese troops and destroyed half of their armored vehicles. Western observers noted the likely exaggeration of these figures, given that neither nation has ever released official casualty numbers.

​Finally, textbooks rarely mention that the conflict did not truly end in 1979. Although both sides declared the war over, intermittent clashes continued for another decade. It was only in the 1990s, following the historic Chengdu meeting and gradual normalization, that the confrontation between the two communist states officially concluded.